Writing System: Welsh traditionally uses the Latin alphabet with specific diacritical marks (accents) to indicate pronunciation. It consists of 28 letters, including the digraphs (two letters representing one sound) such as ll, ch, dd, ff, ng, rh, and th.
Grammar: Welsh grammar is characterized by initial consonant mutations (soft mutations) that mark grammatical relationships such as possession, definiteness, and prepositional phrases. It follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order.
Phonology: Welsh has a moderate phonemic inventory, including consonants such as /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ɬ, x, h, r, ɹ, ɭ, ʎ/ and vowels /i, ɪ, ɨ, e, ɛ, a, ɑ, ɔ, o, u, ʊ/. It is notable for its use of voiceless fricatives and distinctive phonological features such as vowel mutations.
Lexicon: The Welsh lexicon includes words of Celtic origin as well as loanwords from Latin, Old English, Norse, and Norman French due to historical contact and cultural exchanges. Modern Welsh continues to adapt with borrowings from English and other languages.
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